Organisational Behaviour UNIT-3
Organisational Behaviour UNIT-3
Lets start boiling water on our gas stove and getting our notes within minutes😌
Okay!!
To get completely into the syllabus of this subject Organisational Behaviour lovably called as OB just come here 👉💌
We are going to cover soooo soooo many topics like Interpersonal Behaviour, Communication, Transactional Analysis(TA), Leadership and theories of leadership, All about groups, team and conflict.
NOTE : Some of these topics are alredy in Semester-1 whose videos and theory is already been uploaded by me.
You can check each one here👇:
Rest are listed below😌
Interpersonal Behaviour
"The manner, in which two individuals interact with each other in any setting is known as interpersonal behaviour."
Simply the way one behaves with other person determines the type and level of relationship between them in an organisation.
Nature of interpersonal behaviour
1. It is interactive because it leads to the involvement of two people in any conversation.
2. It is universally required as communication is the most vital component of the society.
3. Self - maintaining as interpersonal communication requires the person to speak as well as reply to the other person.
Types of interpersonal behaviour
1. Interpersonal Cooperative behaviour
This interpersonal behaviour is the interaction between two people with mutual understanding for mutual satisfaction like a conversation b/w friends, conversation b/w mother & daughter etc.
2. Interpersonal conflicting behaviour
This interpersonal behaviour is the result of difference in the value system, personality, etc of two people talking to each other and hence resulting to debatic conversation or even conflicting situation.
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Transactional Analysis (TA)
Transactional analysis is a socio-psychological concept developed by Eric Berne, in 1950.
"Transactional analysis (TA) is the technique of understanding how to communicate with others so ones relationship with others can be improved."
All of it transactional analysis is a kind of technique which helps to improve your relationships with other by improving your conversation skills, perspective, etc. This is the reason that the technique of transactional analysis is used in the fields of psychotherapy, counselling, education, organisational development, etc.
Nature of transactional analysis
1. TA is an integrated concept because it is a blends together theory of development and practice of socio-psychology
2. TA is a problem-solving as well as goal focused concept as it focuses on improving interpersonal communication, psychological misconceptions, etc.
Benefits of transactional analysis
•Interpersonal effectiveness
•Organisational development
•Conflict resolution
•Executive development
•Effective Counselling
•Improved education
•Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
•Effective leadership of managers
Limitations of transactional analysis
•It is a complex concept to understand.
•This concept can also be used in manipulation of thoughts.
•This technology is not supported by scientific findings.
•Incomplete knowledge of TA promotes amateur psychological conceptions.
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Leadership and leadership theories
Leadership can be defined as the capability to inculcate confidence or to influence the behaviour of others or to motivate others to work for a particular goal or objective.
In simple words, leadership means the traits of an individual that allows him or her to motivate others for attaining specific objectives of an organisation.
Any management cannot be effective in the absence of an effective leadership.
Nature of leadership
1. It is a procedure of influence.
2. It is a long term process.
3. Comprehensive blend of Art and Science.
4. Leadership skills are always linked with circumstances.
5. It is an effective tool for motivation.
6. Leadership influences the rationality as well as emotions of followers.
7. Leadership defines and clarifies the objectives of the followers.
8. Leadership is all about mutual relationship and trust between the leader and his followers.
Need for leadership
1. To regulate and improvise defective organisational structure.
2. To deal with dynamic business environment effectively.
3. To maintain and furnish the internal imbalance in any organisation.
4. To restructure the organisation for effective outcomes.
5. To get comfortable and adopt the on going modifications in an organisation.
6. For learning the culture of an organisation with ease.
Types of leadership styles
Although the styles of leadership adopted by any leader is genuinely dependent upon the situations and circumstances faced by the leader and the resources available to the leader.
But then to here are👇 three broad categories of leadership styles which are usually adopted by the leaders with suitability to the circumstances they are facing🤷♂️
1. Autocratic leadership style
This style is considered as one man show which means the leader is a restrictive person who only prefers to dictate his employees, group members or followers. Even autocratic leader is also known as a dictator.
Autocratic leaders are of two types
1. Benevolent autocrat :
These autocratic leaders use motivational and positive side of autocratic leadership, which means they dictate the decision but their decisions are in the favour of their group members, employees or followers.
2. Manipulative autocrats:
These autocratic leaders do make their subordinates feel that they are taking part in the decision making but they always dictate the decision they themselves want to implement from the start.
2. Participative leadership style
This leadership style is adopted in a Decentralised system. The leaders adopting participative leadership style are people-oriented and they take every decision in coordination with their team members or followers.
3. Free Rein leadership style
Free rain or laissez faire leadership style is a kind of leadership style which offers complete freedom to the team members or the subordinate in order to take decisions and to implemented them.
This style is also known as permissive style of leadership.
This style of leadership is only suitable when the team members or sub ordinates are highly skilled and efficient in their task.
Leadership theories
Leadership is generally considered as one of the most complex concepts to understand and so dozens of theories are proposed to understand leadership in effective manner.
These leadership theories goes the following way🤷♂️
First of all we had the trait theories which were designed by the concept that a person must have some of the mentioned qualities to be an effective leader.
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Then the criticism to this concept of trait theories lead to the concept of behavioural leadership theories which says that some of the most effective leader perform in a particular behaviour to lead their employees or team members.
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The limitation of behavioral theories lead to the development of situational or contingency theories which mentioned that the pattern of behaviour which a leader adopts is also highly affected by the situation a leader is facing.
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To mug up behavioral and situational theories into one, contemporary leadership theories were developed in order to provide an overview of how a leader behaves according to different situations faced by him.
This was just the introduction that why do we have lot many leadership theories because the criticism/limitation of one leadership theory added up to the development of another stage of leadership theories.
Now, we will do read them separately in brief😌
1. Trait theories
Trait theories are the most common and traditional theories of leadership which believe that leaders are born and not made.
These theories were based on several studies made on successful leaders which simply says that "a person must posses the following features or characteristics (like emotional intelligence, physical features, maturity, vision, acceptance of responsibility, open mindedness, self confidence, supervisory ability, decision making skills, initiative, positive attitude, etc) to be an effective leader."
Following are the two trait theories :
1. Stogdill's Trait Factors by Ralph Stogdill.
2. Ghiselli's Personal Traits by Edwin Ghiselli.
Criticism :
1. All the traits mentioned in the theories are not absolutely important to be an effective leader.
2. These theories ignore the situational aspect.
3. It is based on false assumption that leaders are born.
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2. Behavioural Theories
Behavioural theories were developed to fill up the lacking part of trait theories.
The behavioural theories are realistic and are based upon the real behaviour of leaders.
There are four types of behavioral theories explained below:
1. Managerial grid
RR Blake and Jane S. Mouton of USA developed this behavioural theory which says that "leadership style adopted by a person is greatly influenced by his task-oriented or relation-oriented behaviour."
Okay now let's understand this easily.
Imagine a graph and 4 quadrants of a graph.
●In first quadrant we have(+,+) which means that the leader is task oriented as well as relation oriented. That is the leader focuses on team management and teamwork.
●When to talk about second quadrant we have(+,-)which means the leader is very much task oriented and least relation oriented.
●When we go to third quadrant of graph, we have(-,-)which simply means that the leader is infective in task oriented behaviour as well as relation oriented behaviour.
●When we move to 4th quadrant of graph in which we have(-,+)that is the leader is least task oriented and very much relation oriented.
2. Likert's Four Systems of Leadership
Rensis Likert believed that there are two types of leadership styles : Autocratic and Democratic and on the basis of his belief he classified leadership styles into four different systems.
System 1 It is a system where leaders adopt exploitative authoritative style of leadership.
System 2 It is a system where leaders adopt benevolent authoritative leadership style.
System 3 It is a system where leaders adopt consultative leadership style.
System 4 It is a system where leaders adopt participative leadership style.
3. Ohio State University Studies
Several students from Ohio State University conducted this research with the help of Leader Behaviour Description Questionnaire (LBDQ)and they finally concluded that "leadership behaviour of any leader is completely based on two independent dimensions that is consideration and initiating structure.
To make it simple for you just take a reference that here consideration means "people-oriented or relation-oriented" and initiating structure means "task-oriented".
This is completely same as managerial grid theory.
4. Michigan Studies
Researchers of Michigan University concluded the following two behaviour of a leader employee centred behaviour and production centred behaviour.
Here also employee centred behaviour means relation oriented behaviour and production centred behaviour means task oriented behaviour, which is same as the managerial group theory.
●Important observation of Michigan theory is that any leader cannot develop both these behaviours simultaneously.●
That is when the leader is required to favour his team members or employees, then he will show the employee entered behaviour. And when the leader is required to achieve the goal, then he will show the production centred behaviour.
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3. Situational/Contingency Theory
Situational theories were developed in late 1960's when many researchers found that behavioural theories are not applicable to every of the situation faced by a leader.
Here are following 5 most popular situational theories :
1. Fiedler's model/ Leadership effectiveness model
In this theory we will basically see the 3 main headings.
☆Leadership styles
☆Situational variables
☆Relation between leadership style and situational variable
》Leadership effectiveness model says that there are two types of leadership style
•Task-directed style/ Hard-nosed style
•Human relations style/ Lenient style
》Fiedler also believed that these leadership styles are affected by some situational variables like
• Leaders power and position
• Structure of the task (easy to difficul)
• Leader-member relation (level of cooperation and coordination between the leader and his team members).
》At the end leadership style and situational variables are completely interconnected to each other.
"The more cooperation a leader will have with his team members, the more lenient form of leadership he will adopt."
Thus, this theory concludes that the more favourableness a leader gets from his subordinates, the more leniently and effectively he leads his subordinates.
2. Situational leadership model(SLM)
Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard developed this theory called SLM. This theory proposed that leadership style of any leader should be according to the maturational needs of his followers, which means the level of maturity of followers decides the type of leadership adopted by the leader.
This theory has 4 levels of maturity and according to these level of maturity, 4 types of leadership styles can be adopted by a leader.
M1(Low maturity) - Delegating leadership
This level means that this subordinates have low ability as well as low willingness to work and thus, the work needs to be delegated.
M2(Average maturity) - Participating/ Supporting leadership
This level means that the subordinates have low ability to work but they are highly willing to work and hence, supportive leadership should be adopted.
M3(Moderate maturity) - Telling/Directing leadership
This level means that the subordinates are highly skilled but not much willinged to work and hence, they need to be directed towards the goal.
M4(High maturity) - selling or coaching leadership
This level means that the subordinates are highly skilled as well as very much willinged to work and hence, they just need to be guided to achieve their goal.
3. Path-Goal Theory
This theory is introduced by Robert house who believes that an effective leader always guides his followers towards the right path to achieve their desired goal by the following four types of leadership:
•Supportive leadership
•Directive leadership
•Participative leadership
•Achievement-oriented leadership
This path-goal theory also says that individual's personal ability and some other environmental factors (like work group, organisation etc)also affect the effectiveness of leadership.
Which means that if a leader is guiding his follower to achieve any goal, then his follower's external environment and personal characteristics are also very affective to this process.
4. Leadership participation model
This theory has proposed five styles of leadership which rely on contingency factors.
a. Decide A leader should be a decision-maker. b. Personal consultation Leader should always consult with every group member individually to seek their inputs.
c. Consult with group A leader should be able to address whole group in a meeting, ask for their decision, opinions, etc.
d. Facilitate A leader should provide complete information to his group members as well as solutions to their problems.
e. Delegate A leader should allow group members to take part in the decision making process.
5. Tannenbaum & Schmidt's Situational Continuum
This theory says that leadership is dependent upon 3 types of a forces.
1. Forces in the leader (managers personal attitude).
2. Forces in the followers (level of recognition and loyalty a leader gets from his followers).
3. Forces in situation (this includes pressure of deadlines, difficulty of task, etc).
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4. Contemporary Theories
Contemporary theories were developed with a belief that rather than observing and studying each leadership theory individually, it is better to consider all the theories together and form contemporary theories.
Here are 4 most common contemporary theories:
1. Transformational leadership
This theory says that transformational leaders are the one who have a deep and unique effect on their subordinate because of their inspiring personality. They do affect the behaviour and thinking lattern of their subordinates or follower in a very deep and unique way.
2. Transactional leadership
Transactional leadership is a leadership which is completely dependent on the relationship of a leader with his subordinate. And according to the level of coordination and friendliness a leader has with his subordinates, he guides and motivates his subordinates.
3. Charismatic leadership
Charismatic leadership is an expansion of trait theory which simply says that a leader has some of the characteristics like self confidence, vision, extraordinary behaviour, influencing personality, etc.
4. Visionary leadership
This leadership theory is closely related to transformational leadershio theory. The leaders who are visionary are the ones who have entrepreneurial spirit in them, which means these leaders are creative, compassionate, confident and are always ready to bring out a change.
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Let's move to the last topic of unit 3😌
All about groups
"A group is formed when two or more people interact, deliberately to reach a common conclusion."
In simple words, a group is a structure in which two or more people are involved for any common goal which can be emotional, social, professional, etc.
Nature of group
1. It involves two or more people.
2. Group is a collective identity of all people involved in it
3. Group is interactive as people involved in a group interact with each other.
4. Group shares a common goal interest.
Classification of groups
Primary and secondary groups
Primary group is characterized by close and face to face association, for example-family. Secondary group are marked by large size identification of anyone, for example-trade unions, membership of any organisation, etc.
Membership groups and reference group
Membership groups are the one to which an individual truly belongs like society secretary, Club member, etc. And reference group are those to which an individual gives reference of like mutual friend, etc.
Formal and informal groups
Temporary and permanent groups
Nominal/Performing and non-performing groups
Why do people join groups ?
For personal attraction
For emotional satisfaction
For security and social affiliation
For status and self-esteem
For power (because unity among large number of people is strength).
Types of group structures
Structure is basically the general design of any group.
This general design of any group which includes the number of people or type of group can be done on the following basis:
Group composition on the basis of skills and ability like dance group,music group, etc.
Group structure on the basis of size like small group, large group, etc.
Group formation on the basis of roles like group of managers,group of subordinate, etc.
Group Behaviour
Group behaviour represents the various circumstances in which people form group and communicate with the members of group.
If you remember in the Hawthorne experiment of Elton Mayo, he finally got to know that the productivity of the employees is highly affected by the group in which they interact the most.
So on the basis of this observation he pointed out the determinants or factors behind the group behaviour as follows :
●Some external factors like culture, rules and regulations, policies, etc.
●Resources available to group members ●Structure of group
●Processes adopted by groups
●Task given to the groups
●Performance and satisfaction of the groups
Stages of group development/Process of group development
Groups do not form easily. Different types of group are formed with different processes but here, we will study the five-stage group development model which is considered as the standardized sequence of forming a group.
1. Forming stage
This is a stage where members are looking for each other to be as a part of group judging each others behaviour knowing them more to get united as a group.
2. Storming stage
At this stage members experience thought conflicts and then decide that with whom they want to be in the group and with whom not.
3. Norming stage
At this stage the group members start feeling a strong sense of group identity and friendship with each other.
4. Performing stage
This stage all the group members except each other and start performing the task given to them effectively.
5. Adjourning stage
At this stage after the completion of task now it is the time to deform the group and wind up all the activities.
Group decision making
"Group decision making is defined as the process of making a choice from among to or more alternative via the interaction of two or more people."
Process of group decision making
1. Problem identification
2. Problem diagnosis( looking into the problem for the route cause of problem, complexity and importance of the problem)
3. Solution generation
4. Solution evaluation( judging the best possible solution generated by the group number as per their suitability)
5. Framing a decision
6. Follow up actions
Group decision making styles
1. Command style
This style involves very little or no involvement of the group members in taking any decision the group leader individually takes the decision
2. Consultative style
This style of group decision making involves the suggestion and thoughts of all the group members but the leader is responsible for taking the ultimate decision after listening to group members.
3. Consensus style
This is a completely cooperative decision making style which invovles the suggestion and complete invovlement of all the group members in any decision.
4. Traditional majority or voting style.
Group dynamics
"Group dynamics refers to the forces operating in any group."
For example - personal attitude, group rules and norms, goal of the group,etc.
The better the learnings the better the earnings😎
To get in depth knowledge of these topics you can also look into it 👉👻
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